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How do many continental European military legal systems separate crimes from disciplinary breaches?

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Many continental European military legal systems distinguish between two categories of offenses to maintain order while upholding legal standards. They categorize military offenses into:1

Crimes: These are serious acts subject to formal judicial punishment through court proceedings.1
Breaches of discipline: These are less severe infractions that are handled exclusively through administrative action rather than judicial trial.1

This approach differs from Anglo-American systems, which often treat all military offenses as crimes. Furthermore, there is a strong trend toward the civilianization of military justice in Europe; in countries such as France, Germany, Austria, and Scandinavia, peacetime crimes—whether military or civil in nature—are typically handled by civil courts rather than military tribunals. This shift reflects a commitment to ensuring that individuals are subject to fair and independent judicial processes, often in alignment with the European Convention on Human Rights, which mandates that criminal charges be addressed by competent, impartial tribunals.12