How do life-support systems support exploration of outer space and the ocean?

Life-support systems are essential mechanical devices that enable humans to survive and function in inhospitable environments, such as outer space or underwater, where survival would otherwise be impossible. Within the field of environmental health engineering, these systems are designed to maintain physical well-being by providing critical elements including oxygen, water, and nutrients, while managing waste disposal and regulating temperature and pressure.12

In space exploration, these systems are integrated into spacecraft and personal equipment like space suits. A space suit acts as a self-contained, pressurized environment that protects astronauts from the vacuum of space, extreme temperatures, and radiation, while also removing carbon dioxide and water vapor. Similarly, for underwater exploration, life-support systems—such as those found in submarines or scuba gear—provide the necessary breathing gases and environmental controls to ensure safety and efficiency. By addressing these physiological requirements, life-support technology directly promotes the safety and operational success of human missions in extreme environments.31