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How do libertarians in philosophy differ from political libertarians?

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Free will and moral responsibility Immanuel Kant, print published in London, 1812.

In philosophy, the term "libertarian" refers to a position regarding free will and moral responsibility, whereas political libertarianism is a school of political philosophy. These two concepts are distinct and should not be confused.12

Philosophical Libertarianism

Philosophical libertarians are thinkers who believe that the universe is indeterministic and that humans possess the capacity for free will. This view holds that individuals can make decisions or perform actions independently of prior events or states of the universe. Because this perspective often faces the "intelligibility" objection—which argues that random actions do not equate to genuine control—some philosophers, such as Immanuel Kant and Roderick Chisholm, have proposed theories like dualism or agent-causation to explain how humans can be the ultimate origin of their actions.12

Political Libertarianism

Political libertarianism is a form of classical liberalism that prioritizes individual liberty as the primary political value. Its proponents advocate for limited government, emphasizing the protection of individual rights such as private property, freedom of speech, and moral autonomy.3