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How do lawyers and judges question witnesses differently in adversarial and inquisitorial systems?

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Wood-paneled courtroom with judge's bench, American and Nevada flags, wooden chairs and tables, and a mounted animal head above the bench in the Esmeralda County courthouse, Goldfield, Nevada. — Court Judge's bench in a courtroom in Nevada, U.S.

In legal systems, the questioning of witnesses differs significantly based on whether the court follows an adversary procedure or an inquisitorial procedure.

Adversary System

In the adversary system, common in common law jurisdictions, the responsibility for questioning lies primarily with the opposing parties and their attorneys.12
* Role of Attorneys: Each side conducts its own investigation and presents witnesses to support its version of the facts. Attorneys use direct examination and cross-examination to elicit testimony that favors their client and to cast doubt on the opposing side's evidence.2
* Role of the Judge: The judge acts as a neutral moderator or referee, ensuring the trial adheres to points of law. They rarely participate in questioning unless they determine that specific facts or legal points require further clarification.2

Inquisitorial System

In the inquisitorial system, typical of civil law traditions, the judge takes an active, central role in the examination of witnesses.31
* Role of the Judge: The judge is responsible for searching for the truth and often conducts the questioning of witnesses directly, frequently guided by a pretrial dossier of evidence.31
* Role of Attorneys: Neither the prosecution nor the defense typically has the right to cross-examine witnesses. Instead, their role is focused on presenting effective summations of the case.3