How do floating tones affect pronunciation in Niger-Congo languages?

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Thematic map of Africa showing the distribution of Niger-Congo language branches. Distinct colors represent language groups such as Atlantic, Mande, Gur, Kwa, Benue-Congo, and Bantu, with Bantu languages covering most of central, eastern, and southern Africa. A numbered key lists prominent languages in each area, and country borders are marked for reference. — Niger-Congo languages Map showing the branches and distribution of the Niger-Congo languages.

In many Niger-Congo languages, tonal patterns are frequently complicated by the presence of "floating tones."1

These tones occur when a syllable is deleted or a vowel is elided, yet the tone originally carried by that syllable is retained. These floating tones then interact with the tones of preceding or succeeding syllables, resulting in tonal perturbations that affect the overall pronunciation of words and phrases.1