How do evidential particles work in Akha and Newar?

In Akha and Newar, evidential particles function as an intricate system that characterizes the nature of the speaker's information. These particles reveal whether the information being conveyed is firsthand, hearsay, visual, or auditory in origin.1

These evidential markers are part of a broader repertoire of sentence-final particles in these languages, which also serve to express the speaker's emotional attitudes. These particles are often used in strings of two, three, or more and are more intonationally integrated into the sentence than interjections found in nontonal languages.1