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How do archaeologists date an inscription found during an excavation?

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Neo-Assyrian clay tablet from the 7th century BC inscribed with dense cuneiform writing, known as the Flood Tablet from the Epic of Gilgamesh, displayed in the British Museum. — epigraphy The Flood Tablet, 11th cuneiform tablet in a series relating the Gilgamesh epic, from Nineveh, 7th century bce; in the British Museum, London.

Archaeologists and epigraphers employ several methods to date inscriptions discovered during excavations, relying on both the physical context of the find and the characteristics of the inscription itself.12

Archaeological Context

When an inscription is found in situ, its stratigraphic position is a primary indicator of age. Scholars may also use radiocarbon dating on organic materials found in the same layer or analyze the styles of surrounding artifacts to establish a chronological framework.12

Physical and Paleographic Analysis

The physical object bearing the text often provides clues through its shape, style, and iconography. Furthermore, paleographic dating is essential; experts analyze the specific type, variety, and style of the script used. Changes in handwriting styles, regional variations, and the use of specific abbreviations allow researchers to narrow down the date of origin.123

Internal Evidence

Inscriptions may also contain internal chronological markers, such as references to a king’s reign, the tenure of a magistrate, or synchronisms with known historical events. Occasionally, the adoption of a specific script reform serves as a definitive chronological watershed.1