How do Thao and Hawaiian express the directions toward mountains and toward the sea?

Many Austronesian languages utilize a system of spatial orientation based on a land-sea axis rather than traditional cardinal directions. In this system, speakers define locations relative to the mountains and the sea.1

The languages of Thao and Hawaiian express these directions as follows:

• Thao (spoken in central Taiwan): Uses tana-saya to mean "uphill, toward the mountains" and tana-raus to mean "downhill, toward the sea".1
• Hawaiian: Uses mauka to mean "toward the mountains" and makai to mean "toward the sea".1

This directional framework is a widespread structural characteristic among Austronesian-speaking peoples, reflecting a deep-seated cultural and linguistic focus on local geography.1