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How do Austronesian languages distinguish inclusive and exclusive forms of “we”?

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In the Austronesian languages, the distinction between inclusive and exclusive forms of "we" is a fundamental structural characteristic.1

Almost all languages within this family differentiate between these two forms based on whether the listener is included in the group:

  • Inclusive "we": Used when the listener is included in the group being referred to.1
  • Exclusive "we": Used when the listener is excluded from the group.1

Additionally, some languages in the Philippines feature a specific dual inclusive form that translates to "you and me," further refining the precision of their pronominal systems.1