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How did war gaming at the U.S. Naval War College support military planning?

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Luce, Stephen — war college Stephen Luce, c. 1888.

The U.S. Naval War College (NWC) introduced an elaborate program of war gaming in 1887, which transformed the institution into an internationally recognized laboratory for military operations and war planning.1

By utilizing these simulations, the college provided a structured environment where tactical, operational, and technical problems were routinely submitted for expert analysis and solution. These war games allowed senior officers to test military concepts through simulated battles or campaigns, often conducted by officers acting as opposing staffs. This process was integral to the NWC's mission of advancing professional study in strategy, tactics, and operations, ultimately supporting the development of effective military plans and leadership.12