How did the names used for Tai languages vary across China, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand, and Laos?

The names used for Tai languages vary significantly across Southeast Asia and China, often reflecting local tribal designations or labels applied by neighboring peoples. These names have also evolved over time.1

Regional Designations

• China: In Yunnan province, Tai languages are collectively referred to as Dai (historically known as Pai-i), which includes varieties such as Nüa and Lü. In Guangxi, the languages are known as Zhuang (formerly Chuang-chia), while in Guizhou, they are called Buyei (older names include Chung-chia, Dioi, Jui, and Yai).12
• Myanmar: The primary Tai language is known as Shan.12
• Vietnam: Northern Vietnam is home to various groups, including the Tay, Nung, White Tai, Black Tai, and Red Tai. The term Tho is sometimes used for the languages now identified as Tay.12
• Thailand and Laos: These countries are home to the most prominent Tai languages, Thai and Lao, though other groups such as Khün and Lü are also present.132

These linguistic groups are broadly classified into Southwestern, Central, and Northern branches based on lexical and phonological criteria.13