How did the definition of papal infallibility contribute to the formation of the Old Catholic Church?

The definition of papal infallibility by the First Vatican Council in 1870 was a pivotal factor in the formation of the Old Catholic Church. This doctrine, which states that the pope cannot err in matters of faith or morals when speaking ex cathedra, was met with significant opposition from some Roman Catholics.123

The steady centralization of authority in the papacy, culminating in the definition of papal infallibility, led to a new wave of opposition. Many who disagreed with this dogma, including prominent scholars like J.J.I. von Döllinger, felt it represented a departure from the traditions of the undivided church. These dissenting groups subsequently organized separate churches, becoming known as Old Catholics. They sought to maintain loyalty to the doctrines and traditions of the early, undivided church while separating from the authority of the Roman see due to the new definition of papal infallibility.456