How did the Tiantai school interpret the Lotus Sutra?

The Tiantai school, founded by Zhiyi in the 6th century, regards the Lotus Sutra as the definitive and most exalted expression of the Buddha’s teachings.12

Zhiyi interpreted the vast array of Buddhist scriptures through a hierarchical framework, proposing that the Buddha unfolded his doctrine in five distinct periods to accommodate the varying capacities of his listeners. In this system, the Lotus Sutra represents the final and supreme period, where the Buddha revealed the ultimate truth: the unity of all teachings.132

Key aspects of the Tiantai interpretation include:

• The One Vehicle: The school emphasizes the Lotus Sutra's doctrine of the "one way" (buddhayana), which asserts that the various paths previously taught—such as those for disciples (shravakas) or those seeking individual salvation—are merely skillful means (upaya) adjusted for the audience. Ultimately, all beings are invited to attain full Buddhahood.14
• Exalted Buddhology: The sutra depicts the Buddha as a transcendent, eternal being who uses parables and miracles to guide all beings toward enlightenment.14
• Devotional Practice: The text is treated as an object of devotion; the school teaches that reciting, hearing, or preaching the sutra accrues significant religious merit.14