How did the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty try to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons?

The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), which took effect in 1970, attempts to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons through a framework of mutual obligations between nuclear and non-nuclear states.12

The treaty functions through several key mechanisms:

• Non-proliferation Pledges: Non-nuclear states pledge not to acquire or produce nuclear weapons, while established nuclear powers agree not to assist other nations in obtaining them.13
• IAEA Oversight: Non-nuclear signatories are required to submit to regulations and inspections by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to ensure that nuclear programs remain peaceful.34
• Peaceful Technology Sharing: In exchange for forgoing weapons, nuclear states commit to making nonmilitary nuclear technology available to other countries for civilian use.13
• Disarmament Commitment: The treaty obligates nuclear-armed states to pursue negotiations in good faith toward global disarmament.13

While the NPT is a cornerstone of international security, it has faced challenges from states that have withdrawn, refused to sign, or been accused of noncompliance.15