How did the Nineteenth Amendment affect voting rights for women of color in the United States?

The Nineteenth Amendment, ratified in 1920, granted women the right to vote nationwide. However, it did not immediately extend this right to all women of color. While the amendment prohibited denying suffrage based on sex, it did not override existing state-level discriminatory practices, such as poll taxes and literacy tests, which continued to disenfranchise many African American women, particularly in the South. The Fifteenth Amendment, ratified in 1870, had granted Black men the right to vote but did not include women. Therefore, the Nineteenth Amendment primarily benefited white women, while women of color continued to face significant barriers to voting for decades until further civil rights legislation was enacted.123