How did the New England Puritan and Scotch-Irish traditions differ within early American Presbyterianism?

Early American Presbyterianism was shaped by a blend of traditions, primarily those of New England Puritans and Scotch-Irish immigrants, which differed significantly in their theological and organizational priorities.1

Key Differences

• Basis of the Church: The Scotch-Irish tradition regarded doctrine as the foundation of the church and advocated for the unqualified acceptance of the Westminster Confession (1648). In contrast, New England Puritans viewed the Christian life as the basis of the church, accepting creeds primarily as expressions of faith held by the community.1
• Church Governance: New England Puritans preferred a presbyterian system of polity but desired that superior church courts possess only limited and fixed powers. The Scotch-Irish tradition was more deeply rooted in the formal structure of presbyteries and synods.1
• Response to Revivals: During the 18th-century Great Awakening, these differences manifested in a schism (1741–1758). The New England group, known as the "New Side," was pro-revival and experienced significant growth. The Scotch-Irish group, the "Old Side," was generally anti-revival and saw a decline in membership during this period before the two groups eventually reunited.1

Despite these tensions, both traditions were instrumental in establishing the foundations of the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.).1