How did the Mongol armies supply themselves during long campaigns?

The Mongol armies of the 13th century utilized one of the most efficient logistics systems in history, characterized by extreme austerity, careful planning, and high mobility.1

Their supply strategy relied on several key practices:

• Self-Sufficiency: Mongol warriors were highly disciplined and could subsist for long periods on dried meat and curds, supplemented by occasional game. In dire situations, they could even sustain themselves by drinking a small amount of blood from their horses.1
• Herd Management: Armies were accompanied by large herds of cattle and pack animals, as well as baggage carts. Each warrior typically maintained a string of several ponies, ensuring they always had a fresh mount available.12
• Strategic Planning: During normal movements, armies spread out to exploit available grazing land and food crops, with supplies often stored in advance along planned routes.1
• Operational Flexibility: Upon entering enemy territory, the army would abandon its heavy baggage and herds, dividing into widely separated columns to move with great speed before converging on the target.1

This system allowed Mongol forces to maintain a pace of movement that was virtually unmatched by contemporary armies.1