How did the Menalamba resist French rule in Madagascar?

The Menalamba, whose name translates to "Red Togas," were armed guerrilla bands that resisted French colonial rule and modernization efforts in Imerina, Madagascar, following the French occupation of the region.12

Their resistance emerged as a direct response to the encroaching French presence and the associated cultural and political shifts. The insurrection was eventually suppressed by General Joseph-Simon Gallieni, who was sent to the island after the French parliament voted to annex Madagascar in August 1896. Gallieni’s military campaign successfully subdued the uprising, dismantled the local oligarchy, and led to the exile of the Malagasy queen in 1897, resulting in the pacification of the old Merina kingdom by 1898.12