How did the Kpelle describe the role of a totem as a guide and warning of danger?

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totem fish mask — Totemism Totem fish mask from the Orokolo Bay area of New Guinea. Painted bark cloth over rattan frame with fringe of dried grass. Height 1.63 m.

Among the Kpelle people, totems—whether group or individual—are described using phrases such as "thing of possession," "thing of birth," or "thing of the back of men." These expressions signify that the totem is a constant companion that stands behind an individual, serving as a guide and a warner of dangers.1

In addition to this protective role, the totem is responsible for punishing the violation of any taboo. These totems, which may consist of animals, plants, or natural phenomena, are often viewed as an alter ego and are believed to communicate magical powers to the individual.1