How did shamans in the Malay Peninsula use spirits and quartz crystals for healing?

In the Malay Peninsula, shamans traditionally perform healing rituals by seeking the assistance of celestial spirits or by utilizing quartz crystals.1

These practices are part of a broader shamanic tradition in the region, which often involves mediumistic qualities. For instance, shamans may enter a trance state known as lupa, during which they are believed to be possessed by spirits who can then answer questions posed by an audience. Additionally, some shamanic practices in the area involve calling forth the spirit of a tiger. While these traditional methods persist in some rural areas—where people may consult traditional healers known as bomohs for the treatment of disease—it is important to note that Malay culture has been significantly influenced by other traditions, including Hinduism and, since the 15th century, Islam.12