How did shamans and curers use trance states for divination?

Shamans and curers utilize trance states as a primary method of intuitive divination, acting as intermediaries between the human and supernatural realms. These states are often induced through autokinetic techniques—such as rhythmic trembling—or via frenetic dancing accompanied by drums or string instruments.12

Trance states generally manifest in two distinct forms:

• Possession Trances: The shaman enters an intense mental state where they are believed to be inhabited by a spirit or deity. In this condition, the shaman may exhibit superhuman knowledge or strength, eventually becoming a mouthpiece for the entity to address clients directly.31
• Wandering Trances: The shaman’s soul is believed to depart their body to travel through different world strata. Upon returning to consciousness, the shaman narrates their journey, describing the supernatural beings they encountered and the information they gathered.32

These performances are often highly dramatic, utilizing symbolic costumes and ritual objects to create a compelling religious experience. Whether acting as an oracle, healer, or psychopomp, the shaman uses these states to provide guidance on community concerns, such as predicting harvests, diagnosing illnesses, or resolving misfortunes.2