How did evolutionary theory encourage the rise of pragmatism?

Evolutionary theory played a pivotal role in the rise of pragmatism by challenging the 19th-century philosophical reliance on fixed, abstract systems and eternal truths.12

By shifting the focus from static categories to the dynamic processes of life, evolutionary theory encouraged pragmatists to view nature, reason, and life through the lens of adaptation. This perspective emphasized:1

• The Plasticity of Reality: Pragmatists adopted the view that reality is not a fixed, preordained fabric but is instead malleable and subject to change.12
• Functional Adaptation: Influenced by Charles Darwin, pragmatists like William James began to interpret thought and mind as adaptive tools used by individuals to establish satisfactory relations with their environment.3
• Focus on Action: The emphasis moved away from rationalistic accounts of the universe toward the practical techniques required for growth and survival. Ideas were redefined as instruments—hypotheses or plans of action—designed to help humans navigate and control their experiences.142

Ultimately, this evolutionary framework helped pragmatism establish a philosophy centered on experimental inquiry, where the value of an idea is measured by its efficacy in solving problems and directing conduct.452