How did earlier English kings make written promises to nobles and clergy?

During the 12th century, a tradition developed in England where kings strengthened their coronation oaths by issuing solemn, written promises to the nobility and clergy. These documents, known as charters, were formal royal edicts that guaranteed the restoration of liberties and free customs.1

To ensure their authenticity and authority, these written promises were stamped with the king’s seal. Notable examples include:1

• Henry I (1100): Issued the Charter of Liberties upon his coronation to secure support against rival claims to the throne.1
• Stephen (1136): Issued a solemn charter containing generous promises regarding good government in church and state.1
• Henry II (1154): Began his reign by issuing a charter promising to confirm the liberties and customs previously granted by his grandfather, Henry I, to the church and the baronage.1

This practice established a precedent for the formal, written negotiation of rights between the monarch and his subjects, which later influenced the demands made by the barons during the reign of King John.1