How did cavalry help the Oyo Empire expand its influence?

The Oyo Empire utilized its cavalry as a primary instrument for territorial expansion and political dominance during the 17th and 18th centuries.12

Following its recovery from 16th-century conquests by neighboring states, the alaafin Orompoto leveraged wealth from trade to establish a professional cavalry force. This military advantage allowed Oyo to assert control over vital trade routes extending southwest through open country toward the coast. By securing these routes, the empire could effectively manage trade with European merchants, which was essential for its economic prosperity.12

The effectiveness of the cavalry was particularly notable in Oyo's conflicts with the kingdom of Dahomey. Despite Dahomey’s soldiers being equipped with muskets, Oyo’s cavalry consistently achieved military victories, forcing Dahomey to recognize Oyo's suzerainty. Ultimately, the cavalry served as the backbone of the central government's authority; its importance was underscored when the later loss of access to horses—caused by Fulani ascendancy at Ilorin—rendered the defense of the capital untenable and contributed to the empire's collapse.23