How did anthropologists’ observations of drug rituals differ from those of early missionaries?

Western observers, such as missionaries, colonial administrators, and travelers, historically viewed the ritual use of drugs in primitive cultures as evidence of superstition and folly. In contrast, anthropologists and other scientific observers have typically approached these practices with a more sympathetic lens.1

Rather than dismissing these rituals, anthropologists have sought to participate in them to better understand their function within the society. Their observations have highlighted the useful aspects of these practices, such as their role in promoting morality, ethical behavior, and social cohesion among participants. By collecting detailed information on these ceremonies, anthropologists have contributed valuable insights to the fields of science, medicine, religion, and social theory.123