How did accusations against heretical groups influence later beliefs about witches?

Accusations against heretical groups in the Middle Ages played a foundational role in shaping the early modern stereotype of the witch. During the 11th through 13th centuries, authorities developed a pattern of persecuting marginalized groups—such as the Cathari—by projecting onto them conspiracy theories of secretive, nocturnal gatherings involving cannibalism, incest, and the worship of demons.12

These allegations, which originated from ancient tropes used against early Christians, were later synthesized into the concept of the Satanic witch. By the 15th century, the fear of these "heretical" nocturnal groups was integrated with folklore and necromancy to create the image of the witches’ sabbath, where witches were believed to venerate the Devil.12

This continuity is ethically significant, as it demonstrates how the systematic dehumanization of religious dissenters provided a ready-made framework for later witch hunts. By framing witches as members of an "antichurch" or "counter-state," authorities justified the use of torture and inquisitorial procedures to purge society of those perceived as the ultimate enemies of the Christian faith.2