How did Russian influence the vocabularies of Soviet Turkic languages?

During the era of the Soviet Union, many Turkic literary languages developed under conditions of Russian dominance and bilingualism. This environment led to a significant influx of Russian vocabulary into these languages.1

Specifically, the influence manifested in two primary ways:

• Loanwords: These languages adopted numerous Russian words to integrate into the Soviet linguistic and political landscape.1
• Loan translations: In addition to direct borrowing, these languages incorporated calques, or loan translations, from Russian.1

Despite this Russian influence, it is important to note that these Turkic languages largely maintained their established Arabic-Persian vocabulary throughout the Soviet period. While Russian dominance reduced the social importance of many Turkic languages, they continued to develop independently, lacking unified language planning across the various regions.2