How did Rome supply water to its large population?

To supply its large population with water, Rome utilized an extensive network of aqueducts constructed between 312 BCE and 226 CE. This sophisticated system relied on gravity to transport water from distant springs, lakes, and rivers into the city.12

While famous for their arched stone bridges, the majority of the system—approximately 420 kilometers (260 miles) in total—consisted of underground conduits made of stone, terra-cotta, and other materials like lead and bronze. Upon reaching Rome, the water flowed into distribution reservoirs. From these points, it was channeled to public fountains and baths.123

Most residents collected their water from these public fountains, as private connections were reserved for a small number of wealthy or privileged citizens. The water supply was kept running constantly; the excess water served a vital public health function by flushing out the city's sewers, which helped maintain sanitation and manage waste.213