How did Roman general Pompey end the independence of the Hasmonean kingdom in 63 BCE?

In 63 BCE, the Roman general Pompey the Great effectively ended the independence of the Hasmonean kingdom by intervening in a dynastic struggle between the brothers Aristobulus II and Hyrcanus II.312

Following the death of their mother, Salome Alexandra, the brothers fought for control of the throne. When Pompey arrived to reorganize the region, he attempted to arbitrate the dispute. After laying siege to and capturing Jerusalem, Pompey dismantled the kingdom's sovereignty through several measures:314

• Political Restructuring: He appointed Hyrcanus II as high priest but stripped him of the royal title (basileus) held by his predecessors.3
• Territorial Reduction: He curtailed Jewish dominions by granting autonomy to a group of Hellenized cities known as the Decapolis, placing them under the jurisdiction of the Roman governor of Syria.3
• Economic Control: He imposed taxes on the Jewish population, firmly establishing Roman authority over the region.34

This intervention transformed the Hasmonean state into a client territory, marking the conclusion of Jewish independence under Roman occupation.42