How did Rainilaiarivony modernize Madagascar during the reigns of three queens?

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Rainilaiarivony, who served as prime minister while married to queens Rasoherina, Ranavalona II, and Ranavalona III, implemented a comprehensive modernization program to strengthen the Merina kingdom.1

His reforms included:

Administrative Restructuring: He established European-style ministries and appointed provincial governors to centralize authority, while former soldiers were tasked with supervising villages.1
Legal and Social Reform: He developed a new code of laws that integrated traditional Malagasy customs with Western practices, such as the adoption of monogamy.1
Religious and Educational Policy: In 1869, he mandated the adoption of Protestantism and suppressed traditional religious practices. Furthermore, he made education obligatory and placed it under the oversight of Christian missions.1

Through these efforts, Rainilaiarivony sought to modernize the state's infrastructure and social order, though his tenure ultimately faced significant challenges from increasing French colonial pressure, leading to his exile in 1895.1