How did Philibert Tsiranana lead Madagascar during the First Republic?

Philibert Tsiranana served as the first president of Madagascar, leading the country from its independence on June 26, 1960, until 1972. His administration was characterized by the following policies and developments:12

• Governance and Domestic Policy: Tsiranana’s Social Democratic Party (PSD) consolidated power by establishing an electoral system that limited opposition influence and by centralizing authority, with local assembly executives appointed by the central government. His development strategy was framed as "grassroots socialism," specifically intended to improve the conditions of the peasantry.12
• Foreign Policy: Under his leadership, Madagascar maintained a strong bond with France. Additionally, the government fostered close diplomatic and economic ties with various anticommunist powers, including the United States, West Germany, Taiwan, and South Africa.12

Tsiranana’s tenure ended following the May 1972 revolution, a period of significant political and labor unrest. Compounded by his declining health, he transferred full governing powers to Maj. Gen. Gabriel Ramanantsoa, marking the conclusion of the First Republic.12