How did Petrus Ramus handle syllogisms with singular premises?
Petrus Ramus, a 16th-century French philosopher and logician, rejected the traditional medieval practice of converting singular premises into universal propositions to fit standard syllogistic forms.1
While earlier logicians, such as Pseudo-Scotus, attempted to assimilate singular terms (like proper names) into universal onesāfor example, treating "Julius Caesar is mortal" as "All Julius Caesars are mortal"āRamus refused to use these artificial techniques. Instead, he devoted explicit attention to valid syllogisms containing singular premises, such as: "Octavius is the heir of Caesar. I am Octavius. Therefore, I am the heir of Caesar".1
Although his specific proposals regarding singular terms did not gain widespread acceptance at the time, his insistence on addressing them directly without conversion is viewed as a precursor to more recent logical interests.1