How did Nigerian groups resist British conquest in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

Nigerian groups employed diverse strategies to resist British colonial expansion during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, ranging from direct military confrontation to strategic migration.

Military Resistance

In the south, various groups engaged in armed conflict to defend their sovereignty. Notable examples include:
* Ijebu: Fought against the British in 1892.12
* Aro: Resisted British encroachment in eastern Igboland.12
* Aniocha: Maintained resistance in western Igboland until 1914.12
* Ekumeku: In western Igboland, this well-organized group utilized guerrilla tactics and secrecy oaths to challenge British forces. Despite the British using heavy armaments and destructive tactics to prevail, the Ekumeku movement became a significant symbol of Igbo nationalism.12

Northern Resistance and Migration

In the north, resistance took different forms following the subjugation of the Fulani emirs. While some emirates did not engage in open warfare, others actively resisted:
* Rebellion: The deposed caliph, Atahiru I, led a rebellion in 1903.12
* Hejira: Many Muslims practiced hejira, a form of non-military resistance involving migration to avoid living under the rule of those they perceived as infidels.12