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How did Muhammad’s conflict with the Quraysh lead to the Muslim capture of Mecca?

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World map showing the global distribution of Islam, with countries shaded in varying tones of green to indicate the estimated percentage of the population practicing Islam. Darkest green represents countries with 95-100 percent Muslim populations, including much of North Africa, the Middle East, and parts of Central and South Asia. Lighter greens show lower percentages, while most of Europe, the Americas, Australia, and East Asia are shaded to indicate less than 25 percent Muslim population.
Islamic world

The conflict between Muhammad and the Quraysh tribe began in Mecca, where Muhammad’s preaching of monotheism challenged the religious beliefs and practices of the Quraysh, leading to intense social and political friction. This hostility eventually forced Muhammad and his followers to emigrate to Medina in 622 CE, an event known as the Hijrah.12

Once established in Medina, the Muslim community began raiding Meccan caravans, which disrupted the trade-based economy of the Quraysh. This escalation led to several major military confrontations, including the Battle of Badr (624 CE), the Battle of Uhud (625 CE), and the Battle of the Trench (627 CE).12

In 628 CE, the two parties signed the Pact of Al-Hudaybiyah, a treaty intended to cease hostilities and allow Muslims to perform the pilgrimage to Mecca. However, after Meccan allies attacked allies of Muhammad, he denounced the treaty. In 630 CE, Muhammad marched a substantial army on Mecca. Facing this force, the Quraysh surrendered the city, and Muhammad declared an amnesty, effectively bringing Mecca under Muslim control.123