How did Karl Popper use falsifiability to identify empirical statements?

In the philosophy of science, Sir Karl Popper introduced the criterion of falsifiability as a method to distinguish empirical, scientific theories from non-empirical disciplines like metaphysics, astrology, and psychoanalysis.12

Popper rejected the traditional inductive method, which sought to verify theories through repeated confirming observations. He argued that because no finite number of observations can prove a theory true, scientific status should instead be defined by a theory's vulnerability to refutation.12

According to Popper, a theory is genuinely empirical only if it is possible in principle to establish that it is false. He proposed that scientists should formulate "bold conjectures" and actively attempt to refute them through well-designed experiments. A theory is considered scientifically corroborated only when it survives these rigorous attempts at falsification. Consequently, if a subject matter cannot be tested or falsified by contradictory evidence, it fails to qualify as an empirical science.132