How did Indian philosophy address the relationship between the body, mind, and self?

In Indian philosophy, the relationship between the body, mind, and self is a central theme debated across various systems, often focusing on the distinction between material nature and pure consciousness.1

The Self vs. Material Nature

In the dualistic Samkhya system, the self (purusha) is defined as eternal, pure consciousness, distinct from prakriti (primeval matter). While the body, mind, and ego are considered evolutes of prakriti, the self is passive, neutral, and non-creative. Liberation is achieved by disassociating the self from this material nature, as the mistaken identification of the self with the body or mind leads to bondage. Similarly, in Yoga, the mind (chitta) is viewed as an object or aggregate that the self observes; the goal is to arrest mental modifications so the self remains in its undefiled essence.23456

The Upanishadic Perspective

The Upanishads identify the atman (the innermost self) as the eternal core of a person. Early thought distinguished between the bodily, vital, and thinking selves, viewing them as "sheaths" (koshas) covering the true, innermost self. This self is ultimately equated with brahman, the absolute reality underlying the universe.78

The Buddhist View

In contrast, Buddhism rejects the existence of a permanent, metaphysical self or soul (atman). It posits that human existence is a composite of five aggregates (khandhas), including physical forms, sensations, and consciousness. These are in a state of continuous change, and identifying them as a "self" is considered a delusion that perpetuates suffering.9