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How did Gilbert Ryle distinguish between knowing that something is true and knowing how to do something?

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In the context of the philosophy of language, Gilbert Ryle distinguished between "knowing that" and "knowing how" to highlight fundamental differences in how these expressions function in everyday language.1

  • Knowing that: This refers to propositional knowledge, which involves the possession of specific pieces of information. A person who possesses this type of knowledge is generally able to convey it to others, such as stating that a historical event occurred in a specific year.1
  • Knowing how: This expression refers to a skill or ability, such as knowing how to swim. Ryle noted that one can possess such a skill without being able to explain or convey the knowledge to others in a propositional way.1

Ryle argued that these two forms of knowledge are independent of each other and that "knowing how" cannot always be reduced to "knowing that." By examining these linguistic uses, he sought to clarify concepts and avoid what he famously termed category-mistakes—the error of treating concepts from different logical categories as if they were the same.12