How did George Berkeley’s philosophy lead to phenomenalism?

George Berkeley’s philosophy led to phenomenalism by applying his empiricism to challenge the existence of material substance.12

Berkeley argued that because humans are only ever aware of their own ideas (or sense-data) in perception, there is no evidence for an imperceptible "substrate" or material object existing independently of the mind. He famously summarized this with the doctrine esse est percipi ("to be is to be perceived"), asserting that physical objects are simply collections of perceived sense qualities.3145

By reducing physical objects to these groups of sensory qualities, Berkeley established the foundation for phenomenalism—the view that propositions about physical reality are reducible to propositions about actual and possible sensations. While Berkeley himself maintained that the continuity of the world is upheld by the perceptions of God, his reduction of substance to quality became a defining influence on the development of phenomenalist thought in British philosophy.12