How did Gaetano Mosca describe the role of elites in government?

Gaetano Mosca, a foundational figure in elite theory, argued that all societies are inevitably governed by a minority, which he termed the classe politica or ruling class. Contrary to theories of majority rule, he asserted that political power is always concentrated in the hands of a small, organized group—whether defined by military, religious, hereditary, or meritocratic status—that effectively dominates the unorganized majority.12

Mosca maintained that the formation of these elite groups is inescapable in any society and imposes inherent limits on political possibilities. He was skeptical of genuine democracy, arguing that self-interested elites will consistently outorganize and outwit the general population.1

However, Mosca did not advocate for rigid, closed systems. He believed the most stable and enduring social organizations were those characterized by a mixed government, where the natural aristocratic tendency to rule is tempered by the continuous renewal of the ruling class. This process involves incorporating capable individuals from lower socioeconomic origins, ensuring that the elite remains dynamic rather than stagnant. Ultimately, he viewed politics as a persistent power struggle between ambitious elites.21