How did Francisco Pizarro capture Atahuallpa at Cajamarca in 1532?

In November 1532, Francisco Pizarro captured the Inca emperor Atahuallpa at Cajamarca by orchestrating a calculated ambush.12

After arriving in the city with approximately 180 men, Pizarro invited Atahuallpa to a meeting in the main square. The emperor arrived with several thousand unarmed retainers, while Pizarro concealed his forces, including artillery and cavalry, throughout the city. During the encounter, a friar demanded that Atahuallpa accept Christianity and the sovereignty of Charles V. When the emperor rejected these demands and threw down a prayer book, Pizarro signaled his troops to attack.2314

The Spanish used the shock of their firearms, cannons, and horses—technologies previously unknown to the Incas—to slaughter thousands of the emperor's escort while suffering no significant casualties themselves. This overwhelming display of force and the capture of their divine ruler effectively paralyzed the Inca resistance, leading to Atahuallpa's imprisonment and the eventual collapse of the empire.124