How did Francesco I d’Este take part in the conflicts of the Thirty Years’ War?

During the Thirty Years’ War, Francesco I d’Este navigated the conflict by shifting his political alliances to advance his territorial ambitions, specifically his claims to Ferrara.1

Initially, Francesco I aligned himself with Spain. He later switched his allegiance to France, believing that a French alliance would better support his goals regarding Ferrara. Although he eventually attempted a reconciliation with Spain, his involvement in the broader period of conflict remained complex and characterized by shifting loyalties. Ultimately, he died of malaria while fighting against the Spaniards on the battlefield.1