How did China and Russia gain their permanent seats on the United Nations Security Council?

The permanent seats on the United Nations Security Council were established at the organization's founding by the major Allied powers of World War II.12

China

China was recognized as one of the "Big Four" powers during the Dumbarton Oaks Conference in 1944, which laid the groundwork for the UN's structure. Initially, the Republic of China held the permanent seat. However, following the Chinese Communist Revolution, the People’s Republic of China sought to occupy this position. After years of being blocked by the United States, the General Assembly voted in 1971 to recognize the People’s Republic of China as the only legitimate representative of China to the UN, effectively transferring the permanent seat from the Republic of China (Taiwan) to the People’s Republic.123

Russia

The Soviet Union was a founding member and an original permanent member of the Security Council. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Russian Federation assumed the Soviet Union's membership and its permanent seat on the Security Council.123