How did Buddhism and animistic spirit beliefs coexist among many Tai peoples?

Among many Tai peoples, the coexistence of Buddhism—primarily of the Theravāda school—and indigenous animistic beliefs is a defining feature of their religious life. While Buddhism was gradually assimilated and adopted by Tai kings as a dynastic religion, it did not replace the older, deeply rooted animist traditions.12

This coexistence functions through a complementary relationship:

• Daily Life and Shrines: While the wat (temple compound) serves as the social and religious center of village life, animistic beliefs remain vital for day-to-day affairs. Shrines dedicated to spirits, known as phi, are maintained to ensure protection and prosperity.2
• Spirit Propitiation: Indigenous practices involve the propitiation of both benevolent and malevolent spirits. Rituals are performed to pacify spirits of nature, such as those residing in trees, and to seek the assistance of powerful ancestors.13
• Integration: These animistic customs are often strongest among groups living farthest from traditional Buddhist centers. Over time, Indian deities and Buddhist concepts were often identified with or layered alongside local spirits, allowing the two systems to persist in a reciprocal, integrated cultural framework.24