How did Armenian communities become established outside Armenia?

Armenian communities have been established outside their historical homeland through a long history of forced displacement, economic migration, and political conflict.

• Forced Relocation: In 1604–05, Shah Abbas I of Persia forcibly transferred thousands of Armenians from Julfa to Isfahan, Iran, to stimulate trade, leading to the establishment of the New Julfa quarter.1
• Imperial Campaigns and Repression: During the 18th and 19th centuries, Russian military campaigns against the Persians and Turks prompted large-scale emigration of Armenians into the Russian Empire. Later, increased repression and massacres under Ottoman and Russian rule in the late 19th century further displaced many.23
• The Armenian Genocide: The most significant displacement occurred during the Armenian Genocide in 1915, when the Ottoman government deported the Armenian population of eastern Anatolia. Hundreds of thousands were killed, and survivors fled to countries including Lebanon, Syria, France, Russia, and the United States.3
• Modern Migration: Economic crises in the 1990s and ethnic conflicts, such as the dispute over Nagorno-Karabakh, have driven further waves of emigration to Europe and North America.24