How did Arctic hunting and nomadic life influence Sami religious practices?

Arctic hunting and nomadic life were central to the development of traditional Sami religious practices, which were deeply rooted in the practicalities of survival and the animistic belief that nature was inhabited by spirits.12

• Spirit Masters and Hunting: Sami religious life emphasized maintaining a respectful relationship with the natural world to ensure successful hunting and fishing. It was believed that various wild animals were controlled by spirit masters or guardians who would "give" animals to hunters only if they were treated with proper respect.13
• Propitiation and Taboos: Because hunting was essential for survival, the Sami practiced various taboos and propitiatory observances to avoid offending animal spirits. Rituals were performed to ensure that animals would not lead their companions away, which would otherwise result in starvation for the community.1
• Shamanism: The shaman played a critical role in this nomadic society, acting as a mediator between the human and spirit worlds. Shamans were consulted to identify transgressions that had offended spirits, perform healing rites, and ensure the well-being of the community.341
• Sacrificial Practices: Domestic reindeer served as vehicles for propitiatory sacrifice, reflecting the integration of their nomadic pastoral economy into their spiritual life.3