How did Alexander Jannaeus demonstrate the changing policies of the Hasmonean dynasty?

Alexander Jannaeus (reigned 103–76 BCE) significantly shifted the policies of the Hasmonean dynasty, moving further away from the movement's original revolutionary and religious ideals toward a more secular, Hellenized, and autocratic style of rule.1

His reign demonstrated this transition through several key actions:

• Secular Authority: Unlike his predecessors who often emphasized their role as high priests, Jannaeus adopted the title of "King" (basileus) on his coins, which featured Greek as well as Hebrew legends, signaling a clear embrace of Hellenistic royal traditions.1
• Conflict with Religious Factions: He was a bitter enemy of the Pharisees, the religious group with whom the early Maccabees had close affinities. By openly opposing them, he solidified the dynasty's departure from its grassroots religious origins.1
• Expansionist Policy: Jannaeus engaged in long, rigorous wars to expand his territory, exerting control over the coastal cities and the region east of the Jordan River. This focus on territorial conquest and centralized power further underscored the transformation of the Hasmonean house into a traditional monarchical state.1

These policies marked a definitive shift from the priest-prince model established by his predecessors toward a more conventional, absolute kingship.1