How can physical infrastructure in cyberspace be attacked during a conventional war?

During a conventional war, the physical infrastructure of cyberspace—which includes hardware, satellites, cables, and other essential equipment—is vulnerable to traditional military combat methods.1

Attacks on this physical layer often involve the direct destruction or interference with computer facilities, communication networks, and telecommunications infrastructure. For instance, during Operation Allied Force in 1999 and the 2003 Iraq War, such facilities were intentionally damaged or destroyed to disrupt enemy capabilities. Beyond direct kinetic strikes, physical access to a network can be gained by targeting the human users of that infrastructure, who may be suborned, duped, or killed to facilitate an intrusion.1

While these physical attacks are distinct from cyberweapons that target software or human perception, they remain a critical component of modern armed conflict. Protecting such infrastructure is vital, as the compromise of systems—such as electrical grids, air traffic control, or water supplies—can have catastrophic consequences for a nation's stability and security.123