How can fear of discrimination create a security dilemma between ethnic groups?

In the context of ethnic conflict, a security dilemma arises when ethnic groups, driven by fear of discrimination or threats to their safety, take actions to protect themselves that are perceived as threatening by other groups.1

This process typically unfolds as follows:

• Mobilization: When groups feel vulnerable—often due to weak state institutions, economic instability, or political grievances—they may organize and arm themselves to ensure their own security.1
• Perception of Threat: Because these groups cannot be certain of the intentions of their neighbors, defensive measures (such as military mobilization or the acquisition of weapons) are often interpreted by other groups as preparations for an offensive attack.21
• Escalation: In response to this perceived threat, other groups follow suit by increasing their own military capabilities. This creates a cycle of reaction and counter-reaction, often leading to an arms race or preemptive violence.21

Ultimately, this dynamic demonstrates how the pursuit of security can paradoxically decrease it, as the mutual suspicion and defensive posturing between groups heighten the risk of violent conflict.21