How can a court-martial case reach a civilian appeals court?

In the United States, a case adjudicated by a court-martial may reach a civilian appeals court through a structured appellate process.

After a military tribunal reaches a verdict, the case typically undergoes review within the military chain of command. If further appeals are pursued, the case may be heard by the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces. This court is composed of five civilian judges appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate.12

Under legislation enacted in the late 20th century, certain decisions made by the Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces are subject to review by the U.S. Supreme Court. While appellate courts generally focus on the legality of a conviction rather than the severity of a sentence, the Supreme Court specifically addresses points of law in these final appeals.21