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How are the Ju Khoe and Southern Khoisan language groups classified?

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In the traditional linguistic classification of Southern African Khoisan languages, the groups are categorized by geographic location or, in more refined subdivisions, by the word for "person" used within each cluster.1

  • Ju (formerly Northern): This group includes dialects such as !Xũ, Juǀhoan, and ǂKx'auǁ'ein, primarily spoken in northeastern Namibia and parts of Botswana.1
  • Southern: This group is subdivided into the !Kwi and Taa clusters. The Taa dialects consist of varieties of !Xóõ, while the !Kwi dialects—most of which are now extinct—include languages like ǀXam, ǂXegwi, ǂNg, and ǀ'Auni.1

While these groups are often studied together, conventional linguistic methods have failed to establish a definitive genetic relationship between them, leading some scholars to question the validity of a unified "Macro-Khoisan" family.1